This has been an exploration in some of the worst humanity
has to offer. It has not been fun. It
has been exhausting and I have had to walk away from it more than once. It however, is important. I have explored
mass killings across the last century all over the world. I have tried to understand the differences
between events, nations and motivations. The aftermath of the collection of
killings in 2012 from Aurora to Idaho to Newtown has spurred massive
reaction. Some now embrace guns even
more to protect themselves from these men and others think disarming everyone
would solve the problem. Notice I said,
"men". It is indeed a uniquely
male behavior. Others believe that we
have a mental health awareness issue in the United States coupled with lack of
good treatment -- It is true that nearly all killers of this kind are mentally
unstable. Others claim that if we had God in our society we would be better
off. In part this is correct -- but it
will surprise as to why.
I also took time to reach beyond the United States and see
what the world is doing. I wanted to see
if what is happening here is unique to our society -- I wanted to know if
something was really "wrong" with Americans. I found that we are fairly normal as a
nation. In sorting and sifting through
data I found an alarming trend -- nearly all of the killings that fit the
profile of Newtown, Aurora and Columbine end in either suicide or suicide by
cop. Given a little more time before
apprehension, probably all of them would end that way. No one has talked about this as a suicide
mission.
In my very first written response to this last event in
Newtown I pointed the finger at mental illness rather than guns. It is accurate
to do so. I was tempted to say that if we had better skills and willingness to
identify and profile mentally ill young men we might be better off. That might be true to an limited extent -- in
a nation that celebrates "being different" I asked how different
is too different. I also pointed out
that living in a free society we embrace risk.
We are not going to stop these events with better mental illness
treatment or taking guns away from law abiding Americans. What we can do is explore them and realize
that while they are horrific, awful and heartbreaking they are not new and they
are not "American".
To profile this person one must approach it as an individual
who is suicidal and thus include in research global suicide trends. This was also grueling and not particularly
enjoyable. These types of killings are what could be classified as
"revenge killings". They are mostly carried out by young adult males
who feel they have been marginalized by society and are mentally challenged in
some capacity. Their targets are either
people they are acquainted with or know and who have "hurt them" as
in Columbine or they are people who represent (to them) people who have or
might hurt them. These killings also have another characteristic. They can be carried out in part for
attention. Because these men feel
invisible they carry out an act so grand and so awful, even when they die, they
will never be forgotten. There is a sick
glory in that for them. We are a nation
craving fame and we see horrible people becoming famous for no reason. Were that not so none of us would have ever
heard of a Kardashian or someone named "Honey-Boo-Boo". When people like that get famous for essentially being idiots a socially outcast young man might look for his own way to be famous. How an event like this could not make national headlines is unimaginable. Right now there is a mentally unstable
young man who is seeing all the coverage of a formerly invisible young man he
identifies with. He too can be remembered for eternity.
I have heard people too say "we have taken God out of
our society" -- in a way they are correct.
The United States is not a deeply religious nation any more. They are saying
we have taken morals out, we have taken the best good vs. evil example we have
out when we no longer yearn for heaven and no longer fear hell; we have taken
"rules to live by out". Laws
are not the first line of defense of moderating behavior. Illegal or legal
isn't what controls human behavior -- it is a deeper, inner set of values that
make people behave. There are a million
times we could all break the law (there is no way to watch us all, all the
time) and NOT be caught -- but most of us don't. Not because it is an illegal act -- but because
it goes against our moral fabric.
What is missing in all of the outcry I have heard to date is
a hard analysis of these events. Who
commits them? Why do they commit them?
It is also very important to note that not all mass killings are the
same. School-place and workplace killings
have the most in common. Then there are politically, religious and racially
motivated killings. Each type of
killing, including the weapon used in the killings matters. They are different. So now we dive into the data and attempt to
analyze it. Hold on to your hats this is
fascinating but difficult.
First let us take a look at gun deaths by nations. This is where the anti-gun folks think that
the United States has an epidemic of gun-deaths. We do rank number ten on the list but you
will notice that the vast majority of our nation's gun deaths are not
homicides. Note the nations that rank
ahead of us and their relationship between guns and homicide.
Table 1.1
NATIONS IN THE WORLD WITH THE HIGHEST
GUN-RELATED DEATHS
Nation Deaths/100K
# HOMICIDES % HOMICIDES
El Salvador 50.36 50.36 100%
Jamaica 47.44 47.44 100%
Honduras 46.70 46.70 100%
Guatemala 38.52 38.52 100%
Swaziland 37.16 37.16 100%
Colombia 28.11 27.10 96.5%
Brazil 19.01 18.10 95%
Panama 12.92 12.92 100%
Mexico 11.14 10.00 90%
United States 10.2 3.7 36%
Fifty-six percent (56%) of ALL gun deaths in the United
States are SUICIDE. Look at the list in
the picture -- sit and think a while.
The nine nations that lead the US in gun-related death are not nations
most of us would trade places with. They
are tough places to live. They are clearly dangerous. Your quality of life would most certainly be
far inferior to your quality of life now -- even if you are on welfare and food
stamps in the United States. Notice --
they have virtually NO suicide death by firearm because nearly 100% are homicides
-- they have plenty of firearm related death.
In the beautiful, tolerant and glorious United States of America over
60% of all gun deaths are suicide -- so the vast majority of the gun-related deaths
in the U.S. are not crimes. This only
amplifies the reality -- It is not a "gun control issue" in the
United States - maybe it is a MENTAL HEALTH issue in the United States. Stick with me -- the exploration into suicide
rates will make sense.
Now let's examine whether or not the U.S. does have a suicide epidemic; let's dig deeper and look at worldwide suicide rates -- regardless of method. The US ranks number 38th out of the 107 ranked countries in the world for suicide. So this is where the mental health lobby jumps in. To see that in the United States that 60% of all gun deaths are suicide seems alarming -- it would seem that maybe the suicide rate would go down if we had fewer guns. Read on. Note below that not a single one of the nations listed with higher gun-related deaths (and remember that with most of these countries nearly all of their gun-deaths were homicides) has more suicides than the United States. Not a single one of them. Following are the most recent suicide numbers of various nations up to the United States at 38th:
SUICIDE DEATHS BY
COUNTRY (per 100,000 people)
RANK COUNTRY MALE FEM. AVERAGE YEAR
1 Lithuania 54.6 11.6 31.6 2011
2 South Korea 41.4 21.0 31.2 2010
3 Guyana 39.0 13.4 26.4 2006
4 Kazakhstan 43.0 9.4 25.6 2008
5 Belarus No Gender Data 25.3 2010
6 Hungary 37.4 8.5 21.7 2009
7 Japan 33.5 14.6 23.8 2011
8 Latvia 33.8 4.0 17.5 2009
9 China *No Gender Data 22.23 2011
10 Slovenia 29.3 3.0 17.2 2010
11 Sri Lanka No Gender Data 21.6 1996
12 Russia No Gender Data 21.4 2011
13 Ukraine 37.8 7.0 21.2 2009
14 Serbia/Mont. 28.4 11.1 19.5 2006
15 Estonia 20.6 7.3 18.1 2008
16 Switzerland 15.7 6.5 11.1 2007
17 Croatia 30.2 10.0 19.7 2002
18 Belgium 26.5 9.3 17.6 2009
19 Finland 25.7 8.1 16.8 2010
20 Moldova 30.1 5.6 17.4 2008
21 France 23.5 7.5 15.0 2009
22 Uruguay 26.0 6.3 15.8 2004
23 South Africa 25.3 5.6 15.4 2005
24 Austria 20.9 5.7 12.8 2009
25 Poland 28.0 3.8 15.4 2010
26 H.Kong(China) 19.0 10.7 14.6 2009
27 Suriname 23.9 4.8 14.4 2005
28 Czech Republic 22.1 4.1 12.8 2010
29 New Zealand 20.3 6.5 13.2 2008
30 Sweden 21.4 9.2 15.3 2011
31 Cuba 19.0 5.5 12.3 2008
32 Bulgaria 18.8 6.2 12.3 2008
33 Romania 21.0 3.5 12.0 2009
34 Norway 17.3 6.5 11.9 2009
35 Denmark 17.5 6.4 11.9 2006
36 Ireland 19.0 4.7 11.8 2009
37 Bosnia/Herz. 20.3 6.3 13.3 2011
38 United States 19.2 5.0 12.0 2009
* I found no specific gender data on China relating to how many per 100K people. I did find percentages of male vs. female suicide. This will be discussed later.
Japan, China, Norway, Belgium, Sweden, New Zealand, Norway,
Denmark, Cuba, Austria, Finland, France all have higher suicide rates than the
United States. Switzerland practices
universal conscription, which requires that all able-bodied male citizens keep
fully automatic firearms at home in case of a call-up. Switzerland also does hold the European
record of gun-related suicide. But Japan
has a higher suicide rate than Switzerland and it is an increasingly alarming
social issue for that nation. Japan has severe gun control laws. Common methods
of suicide in Japan are jumping in front of trains, leaping off high places,
hanging, or overdosing on medication. Rail companies will actually charge the
families of those who commit suicide a fee depending on the severity of
disrupted traffic. It is estimated that approximately one person every 15
minutes commits suicide in Japan. Recently, a number of suicide websites began
to present information on how to make a home-made hydrogen sulfide gas from a
deadly concoction of normal household chemical detergent with a liquid cleanser.
A single breath of this high-density, colorless gas, which smells like rotten
eggs, can apparently cause dizziness, headaches, and in the worst cases, brain
damage and suffocation.
Authorities had expressed particular concern because of the
gas' danger to neighbors. Recently, at least four people who died from inhaling
the gas were not actual suicide victims, and dozens of others have been treated
for nausea and headaches. These suicides
affect a large number of people other than the person hell-bent on dying. Both Japan and Switzerland have higher
suicide rates than the United States. On
average seventy-eight percent (78%) of all worldwide suicides are male -- only
twenty-two percent (22%) are female. Comparatively speaking in the United
States seventy-nine percent (79%) of all suicides are male as compared to
twenty-one percent (21%) female -- fairly close to the worldwide average and
well within any margin of error so ostensibly it could be completely average.
World suicides, regardless of nation, economy, size and
culture are overwhelmingly male. The
forty nations with the highest suicide rates run 64% for males in Hong Kong and
36% females but it is impossible to clarify how to separate Hong Kong from
China as China does not release specific data on the mainland. In the non-Chinese countries the lowest for
male suicide is Sweden at 70% and the highest is 91% male is Slovenia; most of
them hover in the mid seventy (70) to low eighty (80) percent male. These are vastly different cultures, with
vastly different crime rates, mental healthcare systems, economies -- in fact
the thing that might make them the MOST similar is their male to female suicide
ratio. So what can be done? Can anything short of genetic and social engineering
be done? Is this simply an organic
element of what it is to be male and what it is to be female? Is there really a "solvable"
problem or are we just jumping up and down, waving our arms around and
pretending we have powers that we really don't?
In China, the frequent outlier in human-related statistics, suicide
is said to be the leading cause of death among women 15-34 and their suicide
rate higher than males; it is the ONLY place in the world where this is true. In
China a woman's suicide is usually based in economic woes and social/marital
status. So it would seem that the
"natural world order" is that males are inherently wired to commit
suicide more than females and only China -- with its draconian customs and
utter social control-- has achieved enough social control to buck what is
possibly the organic norm. It would seem
that to alter the trend or the norm worldwide or even in the U.S. would take
herculean law changes and massive overhaul of a total society.
It doesn't matter if it is the United States, Japan, France,
Guyana or Lithuania. I don't want to be like China and they are the ONLY nation
who has succeeded in "tipping the scales" between male and female
suicide rates. Few states, much less
nations keep tabs on murder-suicides so I have no information to offer there.
On the other end of the spectrum in suicide rates are the
countries with the lowest…this list includes: Haiti (THE LOWEST and virtually a
zero suicide rate), Honduras, Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, Grenada, Jordan and
Kuwait. They are about as different from
the United States as one can imagine.
The mental healthcare in these countries is virtually non-existent and
here is the kicker -- most of these very low suicide rate nations have a very
HIGH level of faith and active religion.
Table 1.3
COUNTRIES W/ HIGH RELIGIOUS
PARTICIPATION & LOW to NO
SUICIDE
NATION DOMINANT
RELIGION PRACTICING %
Haiti Roman
Catholic 80%
Honduras Roman
Catholic/Evang. 47%/36%
Egypt Islam 80-90%
Syria Islam 87-90%
Pakistan Islam 95-98%
Grenada Rom
Cath./Prot.t/Ang. 53%/33%/13%
Jordan Islam 90%
Kuwait Islam 85%
According to the theology of the Roman Catholic Church,
death by suicide is considered a grave or serious sin. The chief Roman Catholic
Christian argument is that one's life is the property of God and a gift to the
world, and to destroy that life is to wrongly assert dominion over what is
God's. Your life is not yours to take from Him. Islam, like other Abrahamic
religions, views suicide as one of the greatest sins and utterly detrimental to
one's spiritual journey. Killing
yourself might really make your afterlife suck.
In the U.S. 73% of us identify as "Christian" and
20% say they have no affiliation, however only 9% of us say that our faith is
our number one priority -- in the true sense of devotion for a Believer, one's
faith must be number one because all else hinges on it and the grace received
from it. I don't believe that these
statistics say that religious people are BETTER people, that is often NOT the
case -- what it does say is that they think committing "grave sins"
against their God will result in bad things for them. Call it eternal self preservation -- NOT
especially "good behavior". So
it would seem that laws against suicide (in many nations it is illegal), mental
health support or economic stability are not the major factors in reducing
suicide -- devout religion and aversion to cardinal sin is.
Now one last worldwide exploration. We again examine the nations with the highest
gun-related murder rates. Guess what we
find. Some of the world's LOWEST suicide
rates! If you take all the countries
ranked above the United States in gun-related deaths and note that nearly 100%
of those deaths are homicides and THEN look at the suicide rates of those same
violent nations you will find the average rate of suicide is WAY below global
averages. In Honduras and Jamaica there
is virtually NO suicide. The average suicide rate over these murder riddled
nations is a very low 7.8 per 100K people (80/20 - male/female) compared to
24.2 people per 100K in the US. So it
would seem that guns are not the corollary here.
Why such depth in suicide and suicide rates? Why not talk about crime statistics and
murder rates? “In a research specifically related to murder–suicide, Milton
Rosenbaum (1990) discovered the murder–suicide perpetrators to be vastly
different from perpetrators of homicide alone. Whereas murderer–suicides were
found to be highly depressed and overwhelmingly men, other murderers were not
generally depressed and more likely to include women in their ranks.” So murder is an equal opportunity endeavor
but suicide is not.
So psychologically speaking a mass-murderer (almost all end
in suicide either by their own hand or "suicide by cop") like the
ones too often in the news lately should be profiled more as being suicidal
than as criminal murderers – this in NO WAY minimizes the heinous nature of the
crimes they did commit and the lives they stole. But the essence of the mental profile is
vital if we are to attempt to understand.
So a murderer, more often than not, sees HIMSELF or HERSELF
as a criminal – they are wantonly breaking the law and murder is against the law
and they know it. So a state's or nation's laws do not affect their decision to
murder or not murder -- even though it is against the law, they do it
anyway. Not all murderers are mentally
ill - they kill for myriad reasons including power, robbery, prejudice, anger
or even, it disgusts me to write this, for fun. A person whose base is that of
“suicide”, even if they take others with them, does not connect it to a
criminal act in their mind in the same way even though it can be a calculated
"mission". It is often from a
place of that their victims somehow "deserved it". It is an act of
desperation of sorts – all perpetuators of murder-suicide arguably are mentally
ill even if only situational. Again, it
doesn’t at all make their crime lesser – it just helps us understand what might
REALLY be going on.
Mass murderers may fall into any of a number of categories,
including killers of family, of coworkers, of students, and of random
strangers. Their motives for murder vary. A notable motivation for mass murder
is revenge, but many other motivations are possible, including the need for
attention or fame. According to the FBI, mass murder is defined as four or more
murders occurring during a particular event with no cooling-off period between
the murders (a cooling off period more would denote a serial killer and this
typically involves a deliberate methodology). A mass murder typically occurs in
a single location in which a number of victims are killed by an individual or
more. Most acts of mass murder end with the death of the perpetrator(s),
whether by direct suicide or being killed by law enforcement, so one could
argue that most mass murderers are suicidal as well. These acts are also referred to as
"rampage killings".
Mass murders are NOT unique to the United States. Nor are horrific attack on schools and
innocent children and educators. These
incidents are challenging to break down and compare. We can look at them multiple ways. We can consider locale. We can examine suspected motive or we can
look at mortality rates and finally we can consider method. All are somewhat pertinent but it is hard to decipher
their level of priority to create as close to "an apples to apples" situation.
The most notable distinction between these horrible events
seems to be "type" -- not place, not gender, not numbers. So here is a snapshot breakdown organized in
some semblance of order:
WORKPLACE AND SCHOOL ATTACKS: The US has the highest rate of
workplace and school attacks in the world.
We put these together because they have so much in common. They are often revenge attacks -- disgruntled
workers or socially outcast young people -- the profile is quite similar. The thing
that sets them apart from one another is the age of the perpetrator. The motivations and subsequent suicide rates
are nearly identical. Germany ranks #2 in school attacks. One of the worst American school attacks
happened in 1927. This was before the
stock market crash so it is safe to assume it was not caused by the Great
Depression and the economic despondency that stemmed from that event. He used
firearms, explosive devices and melee weapons (knives, etc).
The largest recorded school attack happened back in 1944 by
Andrew Phillip Kehoe. He killed 44
people and injured 58 with guns, melee weapons and explosives. One of the
earliest recorded workplace attacks in the United States occurred back in 1928
-- the attacker used knives and firearms to kill 12 people and injure 13. In both workplace and school attacks the
attacker nearly ALWAYS commits suicide.
-- So this
sort of event is not new.
-- It is
always perpetuated by males.
-- Workplace
killers are generally between 30 and 50 years old regardless of country.
-- School
killings in the U.S. are almost always perpetuated by males under the age of
25.
-- The vast
majority, in fact almost all, of these events, regardless of country, end in
suicide.
RELIGIOUS/POLITICAL/RACIAL ATTACKS: Israel holds the top
spot for Religious/Political/Racial killings; France has the second highest
rate. These events involve firearms,
explosives and arson. Very few of these
events end in suicide. The last in
the United States occurred in 1973 and it has never been a common occurrence in
our nation. These attacks often have
both a high death rate and a higher rate of injury. The largest event in
history occurred in Norway in 2011 with 242 people killed by firearms and
explosive devices.
-- This sort
of event is not new
-- It is
rare in the US and it always has been
-- It rarely
ends in suicide
-- It is
nearly always perpetuated by males.
-- The ages
of the attackers ranges from late teens to mid 40s with the mean being in the
mid 20s to late 30s/low 40s.
DOMESTIC/HOME ATTACKS: The countries that dominate the list
for domestic violence/home invasion (meaning it happened in a domestic setting)
incidents that become mass killings are China being #1 and the United States at
#2. These events use both guns and melee weapons -- in fact more knives,
swords, etc. than in any other category.
But this category deserves
further breakdown -- some are familicides and some are committed by home
invaders. This is a muddy category.
-- Neither family member killers nor non-family member
rampage killers in this category almost ever committed suicide in the U.S.
-- China has the highest death rate in this category
whether they are home intruders or family members.
-- These are targeted attacks with fairly consistent death
rates between 10 and 15 regardless of country and very, very low injury rates.
Death is almost always the outcome.
-- In the United States the attackers were all men in their
40's.
-- These are attacks with firearms or melee weapons -- no
explosives whatsoever yet arson is much more common.
VEHICULAR
ATTACKS: Another method used of course is cars -- vehicular manslaughter and
murder. This is also where the first
American woman appears in any of these statistics with a 51 year old woman
killing 7 people in Reno, Nevada back in 1980.
-- These
attacks have an average low death rate, a high injury rate and a low suicide
rate by the attacker - in fact virtually NONE of them, regardless of country
committed direct, self inflicted suicide.
-- Some died
in the crash (few) but NONE committed suicide as a deliberate, life-ending
act. There was no way to be certain they
would die in the crash.
-- This type
of attack also appears the most varied in location from Uganda to Haiti --
Germany to the US -- Israel to Australia.
PERSONAL EXPLOSIVE ATTACKS: Another category is personal
explosive devices (this does not include bombings which become categorically
different and would fall under acts of terrorism usually). These attacks
utilize things like grenades, pipe bombs, etc and sometimes add arson. Thailand is the distinct leader in this
category with four of the top five deadliest attacks occurring there with the
Philippines running with the second highest number of these attacks. NONE of these attacks occur in the United
States. These have a low average death
rate and a high injury rate. It is a
non-targeted attack. All attackers are male with most in their late teens to
low 30s.
-- Attackers are young males.
-- None are American.
-- Very, very low suicide rate.
-- Almost none killed by their own device.
-- Surprisingly low death rate with the very high injury
rate.
OTHER: This list
includes things like pilots and passengers crashing planes but acting on their
own -- not as a part of a terrorist group.
It also includes setting fires.
These attacks have a very large fatality rate. The highest death number
was caused by the pilot of Egypt Air flight 990 -- killing all 216 people
aboard. Then there was the subway fire
set in Korea in 2003 killing 147 people.
The Hartford, CT circus fire that killed 168 people and injuring from
412 to 682 (reports vary) in 1944. Then
a plane crash caused by a Chinese man killing 111 people by setting a fire in
the the cabin -- he died in the crash he caused in 2002. These events do occur in the United States --
there have been 10 in the United States. Six of the ten in the U.S. occurred
between 1944 and 1970. If the attacker
survived his crash, his fire or his explosion -- NONE committed suicide. These events have massive casualties and
often high injury rates. And of course
these attacks do not focus on the use of a firearm to inflict injury and death.
So what do we do with all this information? From this we learn that profiling a rampage
killer might be very important and that not all rampage killings should be
lumped together as the media so often does.
We can conclude that in cases like Aurora, Idaho and Newtown that even
if the perpetrator did not commit suicide at that time, his profile is more
suicidal than it is criminal. The
motivations are vastly different. We
conclude too that one of the largest deterrents to suicide might devout
religion -- it is a sin that will follow them into the afterlife. This does NOT imply that devout religion
would be better or worse for society but only that it affects this
statistic. It may create other negative
issues that this paper does not explore. As we see all over the world in some
cases religious wars kill many, many people -- it is just not the case in the
United States. Maybe it is trade off we are willing to have.
We learn too that this sort of event is not new to any
society nor it is unique to most developed nations. It has been present for at least the last century. We also learned that while the United States
may be in the top ten for gun-related deaths that less than one third of those
deaths are homicides -- unlike the nearly 100% homicide rate of the nations
that lead in this statistic. In addition
mass killings happen in societies with very strict gun control with often
higher casualty rates than attacks with guns.
So will taking guns away change anything?
This exploration does not solve anything. It simply digs. It creates profiles and shows that all mass
killings are not equal. Nor are all
nations. The reason for this research
for me was to attempt to understand if we can DO anything about it in the ways
the masses are talking about. Will
taking guns away from people help? I think not.
Japan and China prove that. There
is always something else out there that is equally or more deadly. Will massive mental healthcare overhaul
help? Probably not. In nations without much mental healthcare
these events are less common. Will
turning to God help? Well it might on
the individual level but our nation can't mandate devotion -- after all freedom
from that mandate is why we are here.
I think the thing this paper does prove is that we have not
dug deep enough in our visceral reactions -- there is so much more to this. We might get better at profiling this sort of
perpetrator -- but I doubt it. The
Untied States has long let go of the desire or expectation to assimilate and
embrace a unified vision of right and wrong, good versus evil. We will enjoy some freedoms because of that
and we will suffer some consequences. It
is a trade off. When most of us travel the world we don't have the same
expectation of personal safety as we do when we are at home. We might consider embracing that perspective
always.
What can we do? What I can do as an individual is to be
aware, take note of things around me that don't feel right. Pay attention when my gut tells me someone
might be dangerous and make sure I have the ability to either get away or
defend myself and those around me. This
does not mean I will live in fear. It
does mean that I accept that the world filled with human beings is not
Disneyland. There is no "they"
who can keep me and my loved ones safe at all times. I accept responsibility in part for that all
by myself.
The primary conclusion though is this. It is not that
simple. Taking guns out of the hands of
Americans is not THE answer nor is massive mental healthcare overhaul. For the government
to think that scrambling together a task force lead by the Vice President to
make recommendations on gun control in a matter of weeks with the hope they are
going to change what is clearly a human condition and not a uniquely American
condition is silly. This behavior and type of event is one that has been with society a very long time; their show of force is more about posturing and looking like they are "doing something about it". As we have seen the only nation who has effectively altered suicide numbers is China and they have not likely reduced their numbers, just changed their composition. I for one do not want to emulate China in any way. Short of social engineering can we change society?
References
Suicide rates by country, 1950-2011 published by the World
Health Organization (WHO).
Top Ten Most Suicidal Countries published by International
Business Times HK
Unless otherwise stated all statistics are from WHO:
"Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table)". World
Health
Organization. 2011.
"Using Psychology on Suicide Bridge". Korea Joongang
Daily.
"WHO/Europe". Who.int.
"China's suicide
rate 'among highest in world". 2011-09-08.
"Death Due To Suicide". Eurostat. European
Commission. 2009.
"Suicide trends in rich and poor countries". Daily
Times. 2010-09-28.
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